Everything about Doctor Of Laws totally explained
Doctor of Laws (
Latin:
Legum Doctor,
LL.D.) is a
doctorate-level
academic degree in
law. Plural abbreviations in
Latin are formed by doubling the letter, hence the double "L".
By Country
Brazil
In Brazil, the Doctor of Laws degree, known in Portuguese as
Doutor em Direito or
Doutor em Ciências Jurídicas is the highest academic degree in law available. The degree is awarded upon the completion and the successful defense of a
thesis prepared by the doctoral candidate. In most Brazilian Law Schools, the candidates are also required to earn a minimum number of credits.
Canada
The appellation of a doctorate in law in
Canada depends on the institution, although most law schools in Canada are now using or have determined to use the J.D. (
Juris Doctor) professional doctorate. Of the ten+ universities in Canada that offer doctorates in law, four (
University of Ottawa
,
University of Montreal,
Laval University, and
University of Quebec at Montreal) offer LL.Ds, three (
University of British Columbia, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, and
University of Victoria) offer Ph.Ds, three(
University of Toronto,
University of Calgary and
Dalhousie University) offer S.J.D degrees (Doctor of Laws), and one (
McGill University) offers a D.C.L (
Doctor of Civil Law). The differences largely reflect the divide between
Canada's two legal systems (the
common law and the
civil law). Faculties that teach in the civil law tradition grant LL.D degrees, whereas those in the common law tradition grant either Ph.Ds or S.J.Ds.
European and Commonwealth usage
In the
United Kingdom,
Australia,
New Zealand, and
Europe, the degree is a higher doctorate usually awarded on the basis of exceptionally insightful and distinctive
publications that contain significant and original contributions to the study of law. Some universities, such as the
University of Oxford, award a
Doctor of Civil Law degree instead. In South Africa, the LL.D. is awarded by many university law faculties as the highest degree in law, also based upon research and completion of a Ph.D. equivalent dissertation like in most European countries. The LL.D. may also be awarded as an
honorary degree based upon a person's contributions to society.
Germany
In
Germany the Doctor of Law (observe the singular) is the advanced degree in law (the basic degree being a successfully passed first
Staatsexamen) awarded as Dr. iur. (Doctor iuris) based on a dissertation. It usually requires the grade of Fully Satisfactory in the student's first
Staatsexamen though having successfully passed the second
Staatsexamen (the German equivalent to the
bar exam) isn't required. Only
The Doctor of Laws (now note the plural), awarded as Dr.iur. utr. (Doctor iuris utriusque) is almost extinct, since it means considering both Civil Law and Canonical Law. A doctorate solely in latter area is the degree of Dr. iur. can. (Doctor iuris canonici).
The Doctor of Law is still only the first step to tenure in German Law. Despite the initiative to establish a junior professor, to become a university professor of law a
habilitation is still mandatory.
Czech Republic and Slovak Republic (former Czechoslovakia)
In
Czech Republic and
Slovak Republic the Doctor is a postgraduate degree awarded as JUDr. (Juris utrisque doctor) based upon research and completion of a dissertation. This dissertation differs from a Ph.D. dissertation in its lesser time and work (approx. 2 - 3 years for full time candidates, 5 years for PhD). The PhD is chosen by candidates interested in an academic career since it comprises the capacity for teaching at universities.
Malta
In
Malta, the
European Union's smallest member state, the LL.D. is a doctorate-level academic degree in law requiring at least six years (three for the LL.B. and 3 for the LL.D) of full time study at the
University of Malta(External Link), Malta's national university. Students are required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be "an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he/she has carried out sufficient research therein"
(External Link). It confers the title of
Doctor, which in Malta is rigorously used to address a holder of the degree. The LL.D. is one of the requirements for admission to the profession of
advocate in
Malta (an advocate, as opposed to a legal procurator, has rights of representation in superior courts).
In Malta, practising lawyers are of three designations – notaries, legal procurators and advocates. A one-year full time taught post-graduate diploma of Notary Public (N.P.) is required for admission to the profession of
notary public, while a taught post-graduate diploma of Legal Procurator (L.P.) is required for admission to the profession of
legal procurator. A
legal procurator is a lawyer in Malta that has rights of audience in the lower courts, a profession that was existent in Malta as early, and even prior to 1553
(External Link). The Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree, also offered by the university, is an
undergraduate degree that of itself isn't sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. All three professions also require members to be holders of a warrant issued by the President of Malta, obtainable after a minimum of one year of work experience in that profession, and examination. It isn't possible for a Maltese lawyer to hold a warrant in more than one of the professions at a time.
Notable holders of the LL.D. degree include Dr.
Guido de Marco (former President of the United Nations General Assembly and former President of Malta), Dr.
George Borg Olivier (first post-independence Prime Minister of Malta), and Dr.
Lawrence Gonzi (current Prime Minister of Malta).
United States
The
Doctor of Juridical Science, J.S.D. (or S.J.D.), sometimes awarded as Doctor of the Science of Law, or Doctor of Laws is the most advanced law degree awarded in the United States. Law schools that place an emphasis on legal scholarship have more professors holding advanced law degrees such as the LL.M. or the J.S.D./S.J.D.
Italy
In Italy, "Doctor of Law" is the title given to anybody who graduates from university having completed a normal course of undergraduate studies. These can be compared to the British
Bachelor of Laws degree.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Doctor Of Laws'.
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